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<p>本备忘单旨在快速提醒使用命令行程序 grep 所涉及的主要概念，并假设您已经了解其用法。</p>
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</svg></div><div class="menu-modal"><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#入门">入门</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#使用">使用</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#选项示例">选项示例</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#grep-正则表达式">Grep 正则表达式</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#参考">参考</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#通配符wildcards">通配符(Wildcards)</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#量词quantifiers">量词(Quantifiers)</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#posix">POSIX</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#字符串">字符串</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#位置">位置</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#更多示例">更多示例</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#搜索命令行历史记录">搜索命令行历史记录</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中">搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索">多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件">搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#输出包含匹配字符串的行数--n-选项">输出包含匹配字符串的行数 -n 选项</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写">忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数--c-选项">统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数 -c 选项</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#另见">另见</a></div></div><div class="h1wrap-body"><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="入门"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#入门"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>入门</h2><div class="wrap-body">
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<!--rehype:body-class=cols-5-->
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</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body cols-5"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist col-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="使用"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>使用</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
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<p>搜索标准输出（即文本流）</p>
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<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> search_string
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>在文件中搜索确切的字符串：</p>
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<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> search_string path/to/file
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>打印 myfile.txt 中包含字符串“mellon”的行</p>
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<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">'mellon'</span> myfile.txt
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>文件名中接受通配符。</p>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist col-span-3"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="选项示例"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#选项示例"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>选项示例</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-3-->
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<table><thead><tr><th align="left">选项</th><th align="left">示例</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>-i</code></td><td align="left">grep -i ^DA demo.txt</td><td align="left">忘记区分大小写</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-w</code></td><td align="left">grep -w "of" demo.txt</td><td align="left">仅搜索完整的单词</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-A</code></td><td align="left">grep -A 3 'Exception' error.log</td><td align="left">匹配字符串后显示 3 行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-B</code></td><td align="left">grep -B 4 'Exception' error.log</td><td align="left">在匹配字符串前显示 4 行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-C</code></td><td align="left">grep -C 5 'Exception' error.log</td><td align="left">在匹配字符串周围显示 5 行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-r</code></td><td align="left">grep -r 'github.io' /var/log/nginx/</td><td align="left">递归搜索 <em>(在子目录内)</em></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-v</code></td><td align="left">grep -v 'warning' /var/log/syslog</td><td align="left">返回所有与模式不匹配的行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-e</code></td><td align="left">grep -e '^al' filename</td><td align="left">使用正则表达式 <em>(以'al'开头的行)</em></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-E</code></td><td align="left">grep -E 'ja(s|cks)on' filename</td><td align="left">扩展正则表达式 <em>(包含 jason 或 jackson 的行)</em></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-c</code></td><td align="left">grep -c 'error' /var/log/syslog</td><td align="left">计算匹配数</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-l</code></td><td align="left">grep -l 'robot' /var/log/*</td><td align="left">打印匹配文件的名称</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-o</code></td><td align="left">grep -o search_string filename</td><td align="left">只显示字符串的匹配部分</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-n</code></td><td align="left">grep -n "go" demo.txt</td><td align="left">显示匹配的行号</td></tr></tbody></table>
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</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="grep-正则表达式"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#grep-正则表达式"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Grep 正则表达式</h2><div class="wrap-body">
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</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="参考"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#参考"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>参考</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="./regex.html">Regex syntax</a> <em>(jaywcjlove.github.io)</em></li>
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<li><a href="./regex.html#%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B">Regex examples</a> <em>(jaywcjlove.github.io)</em></li>
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</ul>
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<p>有关更复杂的要求，请参阅完整版的正则表达式备忘单。</p>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="通配符wildcards"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#通配符wildcards"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>通配符(Wildcards)</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>.</code></td><td align="left">任何字符</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>?</code></td><td align="left">可选且只能出现一次</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>*</code></td><td align="left">可选的，可以多次出现</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>+</code></td><td align="left">必需并且可以多次出现</td></tr></tbody></table>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="量词quantifiers"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#量词quantifiers"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>量词(Quantifiers)</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>{n}</code></td><td align="left">前一项恰好出现 n 次</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>{n,}</code></td><td align="left">上一个项目出现 n 次或更多</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>{,m}</code></td><td align="left">上一个项目最多出现 n 次</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>{n,m}</code></td><td align="left">上一项出现在 n 到 m 次之间</td></tr></tbody></table>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="posix"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#posix"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>POSIX</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>[:alpha:]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[:digit:]</code></td><td align="left">任何数字</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[:alnum:]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母或数字</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[:space:]</code></td><td align="left">任何空格</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="字符串"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#字符串"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>字符串</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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||
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<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>[A-Za-z]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[0-9]</code></td><td align="left">任何数字</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[0-9A-Za-z]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母或数字</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="位置"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#位置"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>位置</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
|
||
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||
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|
||
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>^</code></td><td align="left">行的开头</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>$</code></td><td align="left">行结束</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>^$</code></td><td align="left">空行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>\<</code></td><td align="left">词的开头</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>\></code></td><td align="left">词尾</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="更多示例"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#更多示例"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>更多示例</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="搜索命令行历史记录"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#搜索命令行历史记录"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>搜索命令行历史记录</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">history</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token function">git</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>输入过 <code>git</code> 命令的记录</p>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-l</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> file1 file2 file3<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p><code>.</code> 表示当前目录。</p>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 目录中所有的 .php 和 .html 文件中</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 递归搜索字符 "main()"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"main()"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--include</span> *.<span class="token punctuation">{</span>php,html<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除所有 README 文件</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"main()"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--exclude</span> <span class="token string">"README"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除 filelist 文件列表里的文件</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"main()"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> --exclude-from filelist
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="输出包含匹配字符串的行数--n-选项"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#输出包含匹配字符串的行数--n-选项"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>输出包含匹配字符串的行数 -n 选项</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span> file_name
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 或</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">cat</span> file_name <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">#多个文件</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span> file_1 file_2
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"hello world"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-i</span> <span class="token string">"HELLO"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># hello</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数--c-选项"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数--c-选项"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数 -c 选项</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre><code class="code-highlight"><span class="code-line">grep -c "text" file_name
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="另见"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#另见"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>另见</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://wangchujiang.com/linux-command/c/grep.html">grep 中文文档</a> <em>(jaywcjlove.github.io)</em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"></div></div></div><script src="https://giscus.app/client.js" data-repo="jaywcjlove/reference" data-repo-id="R_kgDOID2-Mw" data-category="Q&A" data-category-id="DIC_kwDOID2-M84CS5wo" data-mapping="pathname" data-strict="0" data-reactions-enabled="1" data-emit-metadata="0" data-input-position="bottom" data-theme="dark" data-lang="zh-CN" crossorigin="anonymous" async></script><div class="giscus"></div></div><footer class="footer-wrap"><footer class="max-container">© 2022 <a href="https://wangchujiang.com/#/app" target="_blank">Kenny Wang</a>.</footer></footer><script src="../data.js?v=1.8.3" defer></script><script src="../js/fuse.min.js?v=1.8.3" defer></script><script src="../js/main.js?v=1.8.3" defer></script><div id="mysearch"><div class="mysearch-box"><div class="mysearch-input"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 18 18">
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