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& make cheatsheet & Quick Reference</title>
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Makefile 入门，为开发人员分享快速参考备忘单。">
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</svg><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#make-备忘清单"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>make 备忘清单</h1><div class="wrap-body">
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<p>包含 最重要概念、函数、方法等的 make 备忘单。 初学者的完整快速参考。</p>
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</div></header><div class="menu-tocs"><div class="menu-btn"><svg aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" data-view-component="true">
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</svg></div><div class="menu-modal"><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#makefile-入门">Makefile 入门</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#示例">示例</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#工作流程">工作流程</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#文件命令">文件命令</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#自定义文件名称">自定义文件名称</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#隐式生成">隐式生成</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#规则">规则</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#清空目标文件">清空目标文件</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#注释">注释</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#换行-">换行 \</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#引用其它的-makefile">引用其它的 Makefile</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#变量">变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#赋值符">赋值符</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#在执行时扩展允许递归扩展">在执行时扩展，允许递归扩展</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#在声明时扩展">在声明时扩展</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#只有在该变量为空时才设置值">只有在该变量为空时才设置值</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#将值追加到变量的尾端">将值追加到变量的尾端</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#override">override</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#变量-1">变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#避免递归变量">避免递归变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#shell-变量">Shell 变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#定义多行变量">定义多行变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#自动变量">自动变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#">$@</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-1">$<</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-2">$^</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-3">$+</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-4">$?</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-5">$*</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-6">$%</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#内置命名变量的参数">内置命名变量的参数</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#内置已命名的变量">内置已命名的变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#内置的变量">内置的变量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#书写规则">书写规则</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#通配符">通配符</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-7">*</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-8">~</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-9">?</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#文件搜寻vpath">文件搜寻（vpath）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#-10">%</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#静态模式">静态模式</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#伪目标">伪目标</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#命令">命令</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#回声">回声（@）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#显示命令禁止命令">显示命令、禁止命令</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#显示命令">显示命令</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve4 tocs-link" data-num="4" href="#禁止命令">禁止命令</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#执行命令">执行命令</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#另见">另见</a></div></div><div class="h1wrap-body"><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="makefile-入门"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#makefile-入门"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Makefile 入门</h2><div class="wrap-body">
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<!-- markdownlint-disable MD010 -->
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</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="示例"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#示例"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>示例</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">a.txt</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> b.txt c.txt
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</span><span class="code-line"> cat b.txt c.txt > a.txt
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</span></code></pre>
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<h4 id="工作流程"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#工作流程"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>工作流程</h4>
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<ul class="style-timeline">
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<li>读入所有的 <code>Makefile</code>。</li>
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<li>读入被 <code>include</code> 的其它 <code>Makefile</code>。</li>
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<li>初始化文件中的变量。</li>
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<li>推导隐晦规则，并分析所有规则。</li>
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<li>为所有的目标文件创建依赖关系链。</li>
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<li>根据依赖关系，决定哪些目标要重新生成。</li>
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<li>执行生成命令。</li>
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</ul>
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<!--rehype:className=style-timeline-->
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="文件命令"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#文件命令"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>文件命令</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<p>文件会以 <code>GNUmakefile</code>（不推荐使用）、<code>Makefile</code>、<code>makefile</code> 查找目录下的名称。</p>
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<h4 id="自定义文件名称"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自定义文件名称"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>自定义文件名称</h4>
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<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> target <span class="token parameter variable">-f</span> NAME
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>我们可以使用 <code>-f NAME</code> 来指定需要编译的文件名</p>
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<h4 id="隐式生成"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#隐式生成"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>隐式生成</h4>
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<p>如果文件夹中没有 makefile 文件，只有 main.c 源文件，那么我们可以使用 <code>make main.o</code> 隐式生成链接文件</p>
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<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> main.o
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 实际执行： cc -c -o main.o main.c</span>
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</span></code></pre>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="规则"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#规则"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>规则</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">TARGET</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> PREREQUISITES
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</span><span class="code-line"> COMMAMD
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</span><span class="code-line">...
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul class="style-round">
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<li><code>target</code>: 规则的目标。目标可以是规则的动作（如 <code>clean</code> 等），也可以是目标文件或者最后的可执行文件。</li>
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<li><code>prerequisites</code>: 规则的依赖。生成规则目标文件所需要的文件名列表（通常一个目标依赖于一个或者多个文件）。</li>
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<li><code>command</code>: 规则的命令行。规则要执行的动作（任意的 shell 命令或者在 shell 下执行的程序）。<span style="color:red">命令需要以 tab 键开头</span></li>
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</ul>
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<!--rehype:className=style-round-->
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<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>TARGET <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
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</span></code></pre>
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<hr>
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<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> <span class="token comment"># 没有参数首先运行 TARGET</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">help</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示可用目标</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> dist <span class="token comment"># 从当前目录制作一个发布存档</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> check <span class="token comment"># 无需安装的单元测试</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="清空目标文件"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#清空目标文件"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>清空目标文件</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token builtin-target builtin">.PHONY</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> clean
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">clean</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> rm *.o temp
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p><code>.PHONY</code> 内置命令将排除 clean 文件，不会因为当前目录中因为有 clean 文件而不会不执行 clean 伪目标</p>
|
||
<p class="auto-wrap"><span style="color:red">clean 从来都是放在文件的最后</span></p>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=auto-wrap-->
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="注释"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#注释"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>注释</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>makefile 文件的注释与 bash 脚本一致</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 这是一个注释</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">main.o</span> <span class="token punctuation">:</span> main.c
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> cc -c main.c
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="换行-"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#换行-"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>换行 <code>\</code></h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 这是一个注释</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">main.o</span> <span class="token punctuation">:</span> main.c
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> cc -c \
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> main.c
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="引用其它的-makefile"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#引用其它的-makefile"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>引用其它的 Makefile</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p><code>include</code> 关键字可以把别的 Makefile 包含进来。这样使用 make 运行的时候就会</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># makefile</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">include</span> foo.make
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果你想让 make 不理那些无法读取的文件，并且继续执行。</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">-include</span> <filename>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="变量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#变量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>变量</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="赋值符"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#赋值符"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>赋值符</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<h4 id="在执行时扩展允许递归扩展"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#在执行时扩展允许递归扩展"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>在执行时扩展，允许递归扩展</h4>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line">VARIABLE <span class="token operator">=</span> value
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="在声明时扩展"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#在声明时扩展"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>在声明时扩展</h4>
|
||
<p>可以防止递归，并且只能引用之前声明过的变量</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line">VARIABLE <span class="token operator">:=</span> value
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="只有在该变量为空时才设置值"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#只有在该变量为空时才设置值"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>只有在该变量为空时才设置值</h4>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line">VARIABLE <span class="token operator">?=</span> value
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="将值追加到变量的尾端"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#将值追加到变量的尾端"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>将值追加到变量的尾端</h4>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line">VARIABLE <span class="token operator">+=</span> value
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="override"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#override"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>override</h4>
|
||
<p>如果变量前不指定 <code>override</code>，那么命令行中指定的变量可以对 Makefile 中的变量重新定义。</p>
|
||
<pre class="auto-wrap"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 不会重新定义</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">override</span> VARIABLE <span class="token operator">=</span> value
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">override</span> VARIABLE <span class="token operator">:=</span> value
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">override</span> VARIABLE <span class="token operator">?=</span> value
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">override</span> VARIABLE <span class="token operator">+=</span> value
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">override</span> <span class="token keyword">define</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment">#...</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">endef</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=auto-wrap-->
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="变量-1"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#变量-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>变量</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>需要使用 <code>$()</code> 或者 <code>${}</code> 对变量进行引用</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line">file <span class="token operator">=</span> main.c
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">run</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> clang -o hello <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>file<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="避免递归变量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#避免递归变量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>避免递归变量</h4>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 这样会使变量陷入无穷递归</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">A <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>B<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">B <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>A<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line">x <span class="token operator">:=</span> foo
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">y <span class="token operator">:=</span> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">)</span> bar
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">x <span class="token operator">:=</span> later
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 等价于</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># x = later</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># y = foo bar</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="shell-变量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#shell-变量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Shell 变量</h4>
|
||
<p>如果要使用 Shell 变量，需要在之前加上 <code>$</code></p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">run</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> echo <span class="token variable">$$HOME</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="定义多行变量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#定义多行变量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>定义多行变量</h4>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">define</span> foo
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">echo foo
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">echo bar
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">endef</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">run</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>foo<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="自动变量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#自动变量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>自动变量</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
|
||
<h4 id=""><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>$@</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>$@</code>:指代当前目标，即 Make 命令当前构建的那个目标</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">foo</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> touch <span class="token variable">$@</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> foo
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># $@ 就是指的这里的 foo</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-1"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>$<</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>$<</code> 指代第一个前置条件。比如，规则为 t: p1 p2，那么 <code>$<</code> 就指代 p1</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">a.md</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> b.md c.md
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> cp <span class="token variable">$<</span> <span class="token variable">$@</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<p>使用 <code>make a.md</code>,相当于以下写法</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">a.md</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> b.md c.md
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> cp b.md a.md
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-2"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-2"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>$^</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>$^</code> 指代所有的前置条件,去除重复项</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">a.md</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> b.md c.md
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> echo <span class="token variable">$^</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-3"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-3"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>$+</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>$^</code> 指代所有的前置条件，不会去除重复项</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">a.md</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> b.md c.md c.md
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> echo <span class="token variable">$+</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-4"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-4"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>$?</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>$?</code> 指代更新的依赖，只有最近更新过的依赖才会引用</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">a.md</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> b.md c.md c.md
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> cat <span class="token variable">$?</span> > a.md
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-5"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-5"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>$*</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>$*</code> 指代匹配符匹配的部分</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">main.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> main.c
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> clang -o <span class="token variable">$*</span> <span class="token variable">$*.c</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> main
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 此时 cc main.c -o main</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-6"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-6"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>$%</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>$%</code>: 仅当目标是函数库文件中，表示规则中的目标成员名</p>
|
||
<ul class="style-round">
|
||
<li>windows 中是 <code>.lib</code> 文件</li>
|
||
<li>unix 中是 <code>.a</code> 文件</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=style-round-->
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist col-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="内置命名变量的参数"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#内置命名变量的参数"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>内置命名变量的参数</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
|
||
<p>这些变量都是相关下面的命令的参数。如果没有指明其默认值，那么其默认值都是空。</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table class="left-align"><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>ARFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">函数库打包程序AR命令的参数。默认值是 <code>rv</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>ASFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">汇编语言编译器参数。（当明显地调用 <code>.s</code> 或 <code>.S</code> 文件时）</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">C 语言编译器参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CXXFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">C++ 语言编译器参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>COFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">RCS 命令参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CPPFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">C 预处理器参数。（ <code>C</code> 和 <code>Fortran</code> 编译器也会用到）。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>FFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">Fortran 语言编译器参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>GFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">SCCS <code>get</code> 程序参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>LDFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">链接器参数。（如：<code>ld</code> ）</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>PFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">Pascal 语言编译器参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>LFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">Lex 文法分析器参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>RFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">Ratfor 程序的 Fortran 编译器参数。</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>YFLAGS</code></td><td align="left">Yacc 文法分析器参数。</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=left-align-->
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-exist col-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="内置已命名的变量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#内置已命名的变量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>内置已命名的变量</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table class="left-align"><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>AR</code></td><td align="left">函数库打包程序。默认命令是 <code>ar</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>AS</code></td><td align="left">汇编语言编译程序。默认命令是 <code>as</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CC</code></td><td align="left">C 语言编译程序。默认命令是 <code>cc</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CXX</code></td><td align="left">C++ 语言编译程序。默认命令是 <code>g++</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CO</code></td><td align="left">从 RCS 文件中扩展文件程序。默认命令是 <code>co</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CPP</code></td><td align="left">C 程序的预处理器（输出是标准输出设备）。默认命令是 <code>$(CC) –E</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>FC</code></td><td align="left">Fortran 和 Ratfor 的编译器和预处理程序。默认命令是 <code>f77</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>GET</code></td><td align="left">从 SCCS 文件中扩展文件的程序。默认命令是 <code>get</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>LEX</code></td><td align="left">Lex 方法分析器程序（针对于 C 或 Ratfor）。默认命令是 <code>lex</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>PC</code></td><td align="left">Pascal 语言编译程序。默认命令是 <code>pc</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>YACC</code></td><td align="left">Yacc 文法分析器（针对于 C 程序）。默认命令是 <code>yacc</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>YACCR</code></td><td align="left">Yacc 文法分析器（针对于 Ratfor 程序）。默认命令是 <code>yacc –r</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>MAKEINFO</code></td><td align="left">转换 Texinfo 源文件（.texi）到 Info 文件程序。默认命令是 <code>makeinfo</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>TEX</code></td><td align="left">从 TeX 源文件创建TeX DVI文件的程序。默认命令是 <code>tex</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>TEXI2DVI</code></td><td align="left">从 Texinfo 源文件创建 TeX DVI 文件的程序。默认命令是 <code>texi2dvi</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>WEAVE</code></td><td align="left">转换 Web 到 TeX 的程序。默认命令是 <code>weave</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CWEAVE</code></td><td align="left">转换 C Web 到 TeX 的程序。默认命令是 <code>cweave</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>TANGLE</code></td><td align="left">转换 Web 到 Pascal 语言的程序。默认命令是 <code>tangle</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>CTANGLE</code></td><td align="left">转换 C Web 到 C。默认命令是 <code>ctangle</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>RM</code></td><td align="left">删除文件命令。默认命令是 <code>rm –f</code></td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=left-align-->
|
||
<h4 id="内置的变量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#内置的变量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>内置的变量</h4>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">run</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">}</span> -o main main.c
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="书写规则"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#书写规则"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>书写规则</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="通配符"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#通配符"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>通配符</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<h4 id="-7"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-7"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>*</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>*</code>：与 linux 系统下的一样</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 清除所有 .o 结尾的文件</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">clean</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> rm -f *.o
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-8"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-8"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>~</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>~</code>：在 linux 或 mac 下表示用户目录，win 下表示 <code>HOME</code> 环境变量</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">run</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> ls ~
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="-9"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-9"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>?</code></h4>
|
||
<p><code>?</code>: 与在 linux 等类似，可以匹配单个字符</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">run</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> ls -ll packag?.json
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="文件搜寻vpath"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#文件搜寻vpath"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>文件搜寻（<code>vpath</code>）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>如果没有指定 vpath 变量，make 只会在当前的目录中去寻找依赖文件和目标文件。否则，如果当前目录没有，就会到指定的目录中去寻找</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>vpath <pattern> <directories></code></td><td align="left">为符合模式 <pattern> 的文件指定搜索目录 <directories></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>vpath <pattern></code></td><td align="left">清除符合模式<pattern>的文件的搜索目录。</pattern></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>vpath</code></td><td align="left">清除所有已被设置好了的文件搜索目录</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<h4 id="-10"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#-10"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a><code>%</code></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>vpath使用方法中的 <pattern> 需要包含 <code>%</code> 字符。</li>
|
||
<li><code>%</code> 的意思是匹配零或若干字符</li>
|
||
<li>并且引用规则是需要使用<strong>自动变量</strong></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre class="auto-wrap"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">vpath</span> %.c dist
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">TARGET <span class="token operator">=</span> hello
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">OBJ <span class="token operator">=</span> bar.o foo.o
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol"><span class="token variable">$</span>(TARGET)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>OBJ<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">)</span> -o <span class="token variable">$@</span> <span class="token variable">$^</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">%.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token variable">$.c</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">)</span> -o <span class="token variable">$<</span> -o <span class="token comment">#@</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=auto-wrap-->
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="静态模式"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#静态模式"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>静态模式</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">TARGET</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> PREREQUISITES <span class="token punctuation">:</span>PREREQUISITES
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> COMMAMD
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">#...</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>target</code> 定义了一系列的目标文件</li>
|
||
<li>第一个 <code>prerequisites</code> 是指明了 target 的模式，也就是的目标集模式。</li>
|
||
<li>第二个 <code>prerequisites</code> 是目标的依赖模式，它对第一个 <code>prerequisites</code> 形成的模式再进行一次依赖目标的定义</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line">objects <span class="token operator">=</span> foo.o main.o
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol"><span class="token variable">$</span>(objects)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> %.o<span class="token punctuation">:</span> %.c
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">)</span> -c <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CFLAGS<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token variable">$<</span> -o <span class="token variable">$@</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<p>相当于:</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">foo.o</span> <span class="token punctuation">:</span> foo.c
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">)</span> -c <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CFLAGS<span class="token punctuation">)</span> foo.c -o foo.o
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">main.o</span> <span class="token punctuation">:</span> main.c
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CC<span class="token punctuation">)</span> -c <span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CFLAGS<span class="token punctuation">)</span> main.c -o main.o
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="伪目标"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#伪目标"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>伪目标</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>伪目标</strong>并不是一个文件，只是一个标签。只有通过显式地指明这个<strong>目标</strong>才能让其生效</li>
|
||
<li>使用 <code>.PHONY</code> 来显式地指明目标是 <code>伪目标</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre class="style-round"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token builtin-target builtin">.PHONY</span> <span class="token punctuation">:</span> clean
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">clean</span> <span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> rm *.o temp
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=style-round-->
|
||
<!--rehype:className=auto-wrap-->
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="命令"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命令"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>命令</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="回声"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#回声"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>回声（<code>@</code>）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>正常情况下，make会打印每条命令，然后再执行，这就叫做回声（echoing）</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">all</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 会有命令执行显示</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> echo Hello, world
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<pre class="auto-wrap"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">all</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 不会有命令执行的显示</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token operator">@</span>echo Hello, world
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=auto-wrap-->
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="显示命令禁止命令"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#显示命令禁止命令"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>显示命令、禁止命令</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<h4 id="显示命令"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#显示命令"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>显示命令</h4>
|
||
<p>如果我们只希望显示命令，而不希望执行命令，可以使用 <code>-n</code> 或者 <code>--just-print</code></p>
|
||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> all --just-print
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> all <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h4 id="禁止命令"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#禁止命令"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>禁止命令</h4>
|
||
<p><code>-s</code> 或 <code>--silent</code> 或 <code>--quiet</code> 与 <code>@</code> 一样，用于禁止回声</p>
|
||
<pre class="auto-wrap"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">make</span> all <span class="token parameter variable">-s</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<!--rehype:className=auto-wrap-->
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="执行命令"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#执行命令"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>执行命令</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>使用 tab 及换行</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">exec</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> cd /home/hchen
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> pwd
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<p>使用 <code>;</code></p>
|
||
<pre class="language-makefile"><code class="language-makefile code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token target symbol">exec</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> cd /home/hchen<span class="token punctuation">;</span> pwd
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="另见"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#另见"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>另见</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://seisman.github.io/how-to-write-makefile/overview.html">make 中文教程</a> <em>(seisman.github.io)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#toc-Overview-of-make">make 手册</a> <em>(<a href="http://www.gnu.org">www.gnu.org</a>)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/">make 官网</a> <em><a href="http://www.gnu.org">www.gnu.org</a></em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"></div></div></div></div><footer class="footer-wrap"><footer class="max-container">© 2022 Kenny Wang.</footer></footer><script src="../data.js" defer></script><script src="../js/fuse.min.js" defer></script><script src="../js/main.js" defer></script><div id="mysearch"><div class="mysearch-box"><div class="mysearch-input"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 18 18">
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