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& elixir cheatsheet & Quick Reference</title>
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入门，为开发人员分享快速参考备忘单。">
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<p>提供基本语法和方法的 Elixir 快速参考备忘单。</p>
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</svg></div><div class="menu-modal"><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#入门">入门</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#安装-elixir">安装 Elixir</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#helloexs">hello.exs</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#基本类型">基本类型</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#注释">注释</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#字符串插值与拼接">字符串插值与拼接</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#变量和模式匹配">变量和模式匹配</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#原子atoms">原子（Atoms）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#列表lists">列表（Lists）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#元组tuples">元组（Tuples）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#函数定义">函数定义</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#匿名函数">匿名函数</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#控制结构">控制结构</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#基本算术">基本算术</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#布尔算术">布尔算术</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#模块和函数导入">模块和函数导入</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#管道操作符">管道操作符</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#比较运算符">比较运算符</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#集合">集合</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#列表list">列表（List）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#元组tuple">元组（Tuple）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#关键字列表keyword-list">关键字列表（Keyword List）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#映射map">映射（Map）</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#模式匹配">模式匹配</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#匹配元组">匹配元组</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#匹配列表">匹配列表</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#匹配列表的头部元素">匹配列表的头部元素</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#pin-操作符">Pin 操作符</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#使用下划线-_-忽略匹配的值">使用下划线 _ 忽略匹配的值</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#控制语句">控制语句</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#ifelseend">if/else/end</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#caseend">case/end</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#condend">cond/end</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#unlessdoend">unless/do/end</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#tryrescueend">try/rescue/end</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#case">case</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#cond">cond</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#变量的作用域">变量的作用域</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#函数">函数</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#函数定义-1">函数定义</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#模式匹配的多个函数定义">模式匹配的多个函数定义</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#函数调用">函数调用</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#函数参数默认值">函数参数默认值</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#可变参数数量">可变参数数量</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#函数文档注释">函数文档注释</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#匿名函数-1">匿名函数</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#闭包">闭包</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#命名函数">命名函数</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#enumerables-与-streams">Enumerables 与 Streams</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#enum">Enum</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve3 tocs-link" data-num="3" href="#stream">Stream</a><a aria-hidden="true" class="leve2 tocs-link" data-num="2" href="#另见">另见</a></div></div><div class="h1wrap-body"><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="入门"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#入门"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>入门</h2><div class="wrap-body">
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</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="安装-elixir"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安装-elixir"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>安装 Elixir</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
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<p>Elixir 自带了 <code>iex</code> 这样一个交互 shell，可以随时计算 Elixir 表达式的值，运行<code>iex</code>命令，继续输入几个简单的表达式试试：</p>
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<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex <span class="token number">2</span>+3
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">5</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex <span class="token number">2</span>+3 <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex String.length<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"快速的狐狸跳过了懒惰的狗"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">43</span>
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>每个操作系统的文档可以在<a href="https://elixir-lang.org">官网</a>网站上 <a href="http://elixir-lang.org/install.html">Installing Elixir</a> 部分找到</p>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="helloexs"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#helloexs"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>hello.exs</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token module class-name">IO</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">puts</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Hello world from Elixir"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>Elixir 运行命令</p>
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<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ elixir hello.exs
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</span></code></pre>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-3"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="基本类型"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本类型"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>基本类型</h3><div class="wrap-body">
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<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
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<p>Elixir 支持多种基本类型：整数、浮点、布尔值、原子和字符串。其他数据类型，如列表和元组</p>
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<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># integer 整数</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># integer（支持2进制、8进制和16进制的整数）</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">0x1F</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># float</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1.0</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># boolean</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># atom / symbol</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token atom symbol">:atom</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># string</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token string">"elixir"</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># list</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
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</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># tuple</span>
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</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
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</span></code></pre>
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</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="注释"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#注释"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>注释</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 这是一个单行注释</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="字符串插值与拼接"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#字符串插值与拼接"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>字符串插值与拼接</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> name <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Sean"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token string">"Hello <span class="token interpolation"><span class="token delimiter punctuation">#{</span>name<span class="token delimiter punctuation">}</span></span>"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"Hello Sean"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token string">"Hello "</span> <span class="token operator"><></span> <span class="token string">"world!"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"Hello world!"</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="变量和模式匹配"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#变量和模式匹配"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>变量和模式匹配</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># => x 现在等于 1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># => a 等于 1，b 等于 2</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>在 Elixir 中，使用 <code>=</code> 来进行赋值操作，但实际上是模式匹配。左边是模式，右边是值</p>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="原子atoms"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#原子atoms"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>原子（Atoms）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token atom symbol">:ok</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>原子是常量，它们的名称就是它们的值</p>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="列表lists"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#列表lists"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>列表（Lists）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">list <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="元组tuples"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#元组tuples"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>元组（Tuples）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">tuple <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token atom symbol">:ok</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"value"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="函数定义"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#函数定义"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>函数定义</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">defmodule</span> <span class="token module class-name">MyModule</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">my_function</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>parameter<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 函数体</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="匿名函数"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#匿名函数"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>匿名函数</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">add <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">fn</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b <span class="token operator">-></span> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b <span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="控制结构"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#控制结构"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>控制结构</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
|
||
<p><code>if/else</code></p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">if</span> x <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"Positive"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">else</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"Non-positive"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p><code>case</code></p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">case</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> x<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token string">"Matched <span class="token interpolation"><span class="token delimiter punctuation">#{</span>x<span class="token delimiter punctuation">}</span></span>"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> _ <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token string">"Not matched"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p><code>cond</code></p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">cond</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> x <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token string">"Greater than 2"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> x <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token string">"Equal to 2"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token boolean">true</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token string">"Less than 2"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-4"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="基本算术"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#基本算术"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>基本算术</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-4-->
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">3</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">25</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">5.0</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>运算符<code>/</code>总是返回一个 float。如果你想做整数除法或得到除法余数，你可以调用 div 和 rem 函数:</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">div</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">5</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>允许在调用需要一个或多个参数的函数时删除括号</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> div <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">5</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> rem <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>可以调用 round 函数来获取与给定浮点数最接近的整数，或者调用 trunc 函数来获取浮点数的整数部分</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">round</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3.58</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">4</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">trunc</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3.58</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">3</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>可以使用 is_integer、is_float 或 is_number 分别检查参数是否为 integer、float 或 number 类型</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">is_integer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">is_float</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2.0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">is_number</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2.0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">false</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-4"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="布尔算术"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#布尔算术"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>布尔算术</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-4-->
|
||
<p>Elixir 提供了 <code>||</code>、<code>&&</code> 和 <code>!</code> 布尔操作符，它们支持任何类型的操作：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">20</span> <span class="token operator">||</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">20</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token boolean">false</span> <span class="token operator">||</span> <span class="token number">42</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">42</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token operator">&&</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token operator">&&</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">nil</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">!</span><span class="token number">42</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">false</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">!</span><span class="token boolean">false</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>还有三个操作符（and、or、not），它们的第一个参数<strong>必须是布尔类型</strong>（true 和 false）:</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token boolean">true</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> <span class="token number">42</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">42</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token boolean">false</span> <span class="token keyword">or</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">not</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token module class-name">ArgumentError</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> argument <span class="token attr-name">error:</span> <span class="token number">42</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">not</span> <span class="token number">42</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token module class-name">ArgumentError</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> argument error
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="模块和函数导入"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#模块和函数导入"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>模块和函数导入</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token module class-name">List</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">only:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token attr-name">duplicate:</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="管道操作符"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#管道操作符"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>管道操作符</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">result <span class="token operator">=</span> data
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token operator">|></span> <span class="token function">process1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token operator">|></span> <span class="token function">process2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p><code>|></code> 用于链式调用函数，将前一个函数的结果作为下一个函数的第一个参数</p>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="比较运算符"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#比较运算符"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>比较运算符</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>比较运算符 ：<code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>===</code>, <code>!==</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>>=</code>, <code><</code> 和 <code>></code></p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">false</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator"><=</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="集合"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#集合"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>集合</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>列表（list）、元组（tuple）、关键字列表（keyword list）、映射（map）。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="列表list"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#列表list"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>列表（List）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> list <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>列表的开头添加元素</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">"π"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> list<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">"π"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>列表的尾部添加元素/列表拼接</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> list <span class="token operator">++</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">"Cherry"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Cherry"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>获取列表的头部元素</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> hd <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">3.14</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>获取列表的尾部元素</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> tl <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="元组tuple"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#元组tuple"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>元组（Tuple）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">3.14</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:pie</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"Apple"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="关键字列表keyword-list"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#关键字列表keyword-list"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>关键字列表（Keyword List）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token attr-name">foo:</span> <span class="token string">"bar"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">hello:</span> <span class="token string">"world"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token attr-name">foo:</span> <span class="token string">"bar"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">hello:</span> <span class="token string">"world"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token atom symbol">:foo</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"bar"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token atom symbol">:hello</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"world"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token attr-name">foo:</span> <span class="token string">"bar"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">hello:</span> <span class="token string">"world"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>关键字列表非常重要，它有以下的特性：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>键（key）都是原子（atom）</li>
|
||
<li>键（key）是有序的（定义后，顺序不会改变）</li>
|
||
<li>键（key）不必是唯一的</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>因为这些原因，常见的用法是作为参数传递给函数</p>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="映射map"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#映射map"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>映射（Map）</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>Elixir 的映射（maps）是键值对结构的第一选择，和关键字列表（keywords）不同，映射允许任意类型的数据作为键，而且数据并不严格排序。 你可以使用 %{} 来定义映射：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> map <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">%</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token atom symbol">:foo</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token string">"bar"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"hello"</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token atom symbol">:world</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">%</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token atom symbol">:foo</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token string">"bar"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"hello"</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token atom symbol">:world</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> map<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token atom symbol">:foo</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"bar"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> map<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">"hello"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token atom symbol">:world</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="模式匹配"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#模式匹配"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>模式匹配</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>模式匹配是 Elixir 很强大的特性，它允许我们匹配简单值、数据结构、甚至函数。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="匹配元组"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#匹配元组"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>匹配元组</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token atom symbol">:hello</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"world"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">42</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token atom symbol">:hello</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"world"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">42</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> a
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token atom symbol">:hello</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> b
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"world"</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="匹配列表"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#匹配列表"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>匹配列表</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre><code class="code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex> [a, b, c] = [1, 2, 3]
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">[1, 2, 3]
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex> a
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">1
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="匹配列表的头部元素"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#匹配列表的头部元素"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>匹配列表的头部元素</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre><code class="code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex> [head | tail] = [1, 2, 3]
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">[1, 2, 3]
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex> head
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">1
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex> tail
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">[2, 3]
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="pin-操作符"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#pin-操作符"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Pin 操作符</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>pin 操作符，就是用已经绑定的值去匹配，而不是重新绑定一个新值。</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">^</span>x<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> x
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="使用下划线-_-忽略匹配的值"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用下划线-_-忽略匹配的值"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>使用下划线 <code>_</code> 忽略匹配的值</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>head <span class="token operator">|</span> _<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> head
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="控制语句"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#控制语句"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>控制语句</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="ifelseend"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#ifelseend"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>if/else/end</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">if</span> condition <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 条件成立时执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">else</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 条件不成立时执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="caseend"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#caseend"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>case/end</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">case</span> expression <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> pattern1 <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配 pattern1 时执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> pattern2 <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配 pattern2 时执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> _ <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 其他情况执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="condend"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#condend"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>cond/end</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">cond</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> condition1 <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 条件1成立时执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> condition2 <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 条件2成立时执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token boolean">true</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 如果没有任何条件成立，执行这里的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="unlessdoend"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#unlessdoend"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>unless/do/end</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">unless</span> condition <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 条件为假时执行的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="tryrescueend"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#tryrescueend"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>try/rescue/end</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 可能会引发异常的代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">rescue</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> pattern1 <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配 pattern1 的异常处理代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> pattern2 <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配 pattern2 的异常处理代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> _ <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token comment"># 其他异常处理代码</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="case"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#case"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>case</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
|
||
<p>允许将一个值与许多模式进行比较，直到找到匹配的模式：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">case</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"This clause won't match"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"该子句将匹配并绑定 x 到该子句中的 2"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> _ <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"This clause would match any value"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"该子句将匹配并绑定 x 到该子句中的 2"</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>还可以使用when指定额外的条件</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">case</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">when</span> x <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"Will match"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> _ <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"如果不满足保护条件，将匹配"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"Will match"</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="cond"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#cond"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>cond</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>当我们需要根据条件进行匹配而不是值时，类似于其他语言的 <code>else if</code> 或 <code>elsif</code>，可以使用 <code>cond</code> 控制结构。</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">cond</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"This will not be true"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"Nor this"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"But this will"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"But this will"</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果所有的条件都返回 <code>nil</code> 或 <code>false</code>，则会引发一个错误（CondClauseError）。因此，需要添加一个 <code>final</code> 条件，等于 <code>true</code>，它将始终匹配：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">cond</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"This is never true"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"Nor this"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token boolean">true</span> <span class="token operator">-></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"这始终为真（等同于 else）"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"这始终为真（等同于 else）"</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="变量的作用域"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#变量的作用域"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>变量的作用域</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>如果在if、case和类似的构造中声明或更改了任何变量，则声明和更改将只在构造中可见。</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> x <span class="token operator">=</span> x <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> x
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果要更改值，则必须从if返回值：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> x <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">else</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> x
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">2</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="函数"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#函数"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>函数</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="函数定义-1"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#函数定义-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>函数定义</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">function_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>param1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> param2<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 函数体</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>示例：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="模式匹配的多个函数定义"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#模式匹配的多个函数定义"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>模式匹配的多个函数定义</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">fun_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token atom symbol">:atom</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 对于 :atom 的处理</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">fun_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"string"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 对于 "string" 的处理</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">fun_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>number<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">when</span> <span class="token function">is_integer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>number<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 对于整数的处理</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>示例：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">is_positive</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>number<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">when</span> number <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">is_positive</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>_<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">do:</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="函数调用"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#函数调用"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>函数调用</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">module_name<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">function_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>arg1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> arg2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>示例：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token module class-name">Enum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">map</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">&</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token argument variable">&1</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="函数参数默认值"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#函数参数默认值"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>函数参数默认值</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">function_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>parameter <span class="token operator">\\</span> 默认值<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 函数体</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>示例：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">greet</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name <span class="token operator">\\</span> <span class="token string">"World"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"Hello, <span class="token interpolation"><span class="token delimiter punctuation">#{</span>name<span class="token delimiter punctuation">}</span></span>!"</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="可变参数数量"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#可变参数数量"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>可变参数数量</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">function_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>param1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> param2 <span class="token operator">\\</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 函数体</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>示例：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>numbers<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token module class-name">Enum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>numbers<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="函数文档注释"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#函数文档注释"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>函数文档注释</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token attribute">@doc</span> <span class="token string">"""
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string">这是函数的文档。
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string">"""</span></span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>示例：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token attribute">@doc</span> <span class="token string">"""
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string">Adds two numbers together.
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string">
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string">## 示例
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string">
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string"> iex> MyModule.add(1, 2)
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string"> 3
|
||
</span></span></span><span class="code-line"><span class="token doc"><span class="token string">"""</span></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>这些是 Elixir 函数语法的基本要点，可以帮助你开始编写函数。</p>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="匿名函数-1"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#匿名函数-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>匿名函数</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> sum <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fn</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> a <span class="token operator">+</span> b <span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">5</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>可以使用 & 语法来简化匿名函数的定义：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> sum <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token argument variable">&1</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token argument variable">&2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">5</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="闭包"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#闭包"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>闭包</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>匿名函数去引用外部的变量，这通常被称为闭包。</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> double <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">fn</span> a <span class="token operator">-></span> <span class="token function">add</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">#Function<6.71889879/1 in :erl_eval.expr/5></span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">double</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">4</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>闭包与守卫</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> f <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">fn</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y <span class="token keyword">when</span> x <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> x <span class="token operator">+</span> y
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y <span class="token operator">-></span> x <span class="token operator">*</span> y
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">f</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">4</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">f</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">3</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="命名函数"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命名函数"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>命名函数</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<p>命名函数是通过 def 关键字定义在某个模块中</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">defmodule</span> <span class="token module class-name">Greeter</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">hello</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token string">"Hello, "</span> <span class="token operator"><></span> name
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token module class-name">Greeter</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">hello</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Sean"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token string">"Hello, Sean"</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>简写为一行：</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">defmodule</span> <span class="token module class-name">Greeter</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">hello</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">do:</span> <span class="token string">"Hello, "</span> <span class="token operator"><></span> name
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>私有函数</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">defmodule</span> <span class="token module class-name">Greeter</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">hello</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">do:</span> phrase <span class="token operator"><></span> name
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token comment"># 使用defp来定义私有函数</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">defp</span> phrase<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">do:</span> <span class="token string">"Hello, "</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>函数的默认参数：使用 <code>\\</code> 来定义默认参数</p>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">defmodule</span> <span class="token module class-name">Greeter</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">hello</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> language_code <span class="token operator">\\</span> <span class="token string">"en"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">do</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token function">phrase</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>language_code<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator"><></span> name
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">defp</span> <span class="token function">phrase</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"en"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">do:</span> <span class="token string">"Hello, "</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token keyword">defp</span> <span class="token function">phrase</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"es"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token attr-name">do:</span> <span class="token string">"Hola, "</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">end</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="enumerables-与-streams"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#enumerables-与-streams"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Enumerables 与 Streams</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Elixir 提供了 Enum 和 Stream 两个模块，用于处理集合。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="enum"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#enum"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Enum</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Enum 模块提供了对集合的常用操作，如 map、filter、reduce、sort、chunk、join、into 等。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token module class-name">Enum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">map</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">fn</span> x <span class="token operator">-></span> x <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token keyword">end</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token module class-name">Enum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">map</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">%</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">fn</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>k<span class="token punctuation">,</span> v<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">-></span> k <span class="token operator">*</span> v <span class="token keyword">end</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="stream"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#stream"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Stream</h3><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>作为Enum的替代品，Elixir提供了支持懒惰操作的Stream模块</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">..</span><span class="token number">100_000</span> <span class="token operator">|></span> <span class="token module class-name">Stream</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">map</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">&</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token argument variable">&1</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">|></span> <span class="token module class-name">Stream</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">filter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>odd?<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">|></span> <span class="token module class-name">Enum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">7500000000</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>流文件操作</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<pre class="language-elixir"><code class="language-elixir code-highlight"><span class="code-line">iex<span class="token operator">></span> stream <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token module class-name">File</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">stream!</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"path/to/file"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">%</span><span class="token module class-name">File</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token module class-name">Stream</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token attr-name">line_or_bytes:</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:line</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token attr-name">modes:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token atom symbol">:raw</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:read_ahead</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token atom symbol">:binary</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token attr-name">path:</span> <span class="token string">"path/to/file"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token attr-name">raw:</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token module class-name">Enum</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">take</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>stream<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
|
||
</span><span class="code-line">
|
||
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 上面的例子将提取所选文件的前10行。这意味着流对于处理大型文件甚至是网络资源等慢速资源非常有用。</span>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="另见"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#另见"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>另见</h2><div class="wrap-body">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://elixir-lang.org/">Elixir 官方</a> <em>(elixir-lang.org)</em></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://elixirschool.com/">Elixir School</a> <em>(elixirschool.com)</em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"></div></div></div><script src="https://giscus.app/client.js" data-repo="jaywcjlove/reference" data-repo-id="R_kgDOID2-Mw" data-category="Q&A" data-category-id="DIC_kwDOID2-M84CS5wo" data-mapping="pathname" data-strict="0" data-reactions-enabled="1" data-emit-metadata="0" data-input-position="bottom" data-theme="dark" data-lang="zh-CN" crossorigin="anonymous" async></script><div class="giscus"></div></div><footer class="footer-wrap"><footer class="max-container">© 2022 <a href="https://wangchujiang.com/#/app" target="_blank">Kenny Wang</a>.</footer></footer><script src="../data.js?v=1.5.4" defer></script><script src="../js/fuse.min.js?v=1.5.4" defer></script><script src="../js/main.js?v=1.5.4" defer></script><div id="mysearch"><div class="mysearch-box"><div class="mysearch-input"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 18 18">
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