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&#x26; sqlite cheatsheet &#x26; Quick Reference</title>
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入门，为开发人员分享快速参考备忘单。">
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<a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#sqlite-备忘清单"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>SQLite 备忘清单</h1><div class="wrap-body">
<p>本备忘单旨在快速理解 <a href="https://sqlite.com/">SQLite</a> 所涉及的主要概念，提供了最常用的SQL语句，供您参考。</p>
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</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-3"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="介绍"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#介绍"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>介绍</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-3-->
<p>SQLite 是遵守ACID的关系数据库管理系统，它包含在一个相对小的C程序库中。与许多其它数据库管理系统不同，SQLite不是一个客户端/服务器结构的数据库引擎，而是被集成在用户程序中。</p>
<p>SQLite遵守ACID，实现了大多数SQL标准。它使用动态的、弱类型的SQL语法。它作为嵌入式数据库，是应用程序，如网页浏览器，在本地/客户端存储数据的常见选择。它可能是最广泛部署的数据库引擎，因为它正在被一些流行的浏览器、操作系统、嵌入式系统所使用。同时，它有许多程序设计语言的语言绑定。</p>
<hr>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="安装"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安装"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>安装</h2><div class="wrap-body">
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="安装方式"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#安装方式"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>安装方式</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<ul>
<li>
<p>windows</p>
<p>从 <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/download.html">SQLite</a> 下载</p>
<p>您需要下载 <code>sqlite-tools-win32-*.zip</code> 和 <code>sqlite-dll-win32-*.zip</code> 压缩文件。</p>
<p>创建文件夹 <code>C:\sqlite</code>，并在此文件夹下解压上面两个压缩文件，将得到 <code>sqlite3.def、sqlite3.dll</code> 和 <code>sqlite3.exe</code> 文件。</p>
<p>添加 <code>C:\sqlite</code> 到 <code>PATH</code> 环境变量。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>linux</p>
<p>linux 自带 <code>sqlite3</code>，或者通过 <code>apt-get/yum/brew</code> 等安装。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>macOS</p>
<p><code>brew install sqlite</code> 安装</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="操作"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#操作"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>操作</h2><div class="wrap-body">
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="连接数据库"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#连接数据库"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>连接数据库</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<p><strong><code>SQLite</code> 通常不需要复杂的配置。创建数据库时，如果文件不存在，SQLite 会自动创建它。</strong></p>
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 不存在则新建</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">></span>sqlite3 mydatabase.db
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="数据库操作"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据库操作"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>数据库操作</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 显示数据库名称及对应文件</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .databases
</span><span class="code-line">main: /home/user/sqlite/database.db r/w
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 显示已经设置的值</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .show
</span><span class="code-line"> echo: off
</span><span class="code-line"> eqp: off
</span><span class="code-line"> explain: auto
</span><span class="code-line"> headers: off
</span><span class="code-line"> mode: list
</span><span class="code-line"> nullvalue: <span class="token string">""</span>
</span><span class="code-line"> output: stdout
</span><span class="code-line">colseparator: <span class="token string">"|"</span>
</span><span class="code-line">rowseparator: <span class="token string">"<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>"</span>
</span><span class="code-line"> stats: off
</span><span class="code-line"> width:
</span><span class="code-line"> filename: api.db
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 以 sql 的形式 dump 数据库</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .dump
</span><span class="code-line">PRAGMA <span class="token assign-left variable">foreign_keys</span><span class="token operator">=</span>OFF<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">BEGIN TRANSACTION<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">CREATE TABLE api <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token function">id</span> INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
</span><span class="code-line"> <span class="token function">host</span> TEXT NOT NULL,
</span><span class="code-line"> port INTEGER NOT NULL,
</span><span class="code-line"> path TEXT NOT NULL
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">INSERT INTO api VALUES<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span>,<span class="token string">'example.com'</span>,8080,<span class="token string">'/api/v1'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 备份数据库</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .backup back
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 备份单张表</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .dump user
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 退出</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .exit
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="数据表操作"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#数据表操作"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>数据表操作</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-sh"><code class="language-sh code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 创建表</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> create table user<span class="token punctuation">(</span>id integer primary key, name text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 查看所有表</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .tables
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 查看表结构</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .schema user
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 导入文件到表中</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .import user.csv user
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 设置查询显示列名称</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .head on
</span><span class="code-line">
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="输出模式设置"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#输出模式设置"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>输出模式设置</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-sh"><code class="language-sh code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 设置输出模式为 csv</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> .mode csv
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">select</span> * from api<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">id,host,port,path
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token number">1</span>,example.com,8080,/api/v1
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 输出为 markdown</span>
</span><span class="code-line">sqlite<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token keyword">select</span> * from api<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">id</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">host</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> port <span class="token operator">|</span> path <span class="token operator">|</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">|</span>----<span class="token operator">|</span>-----------------<span class="token operator">|</span>------<span class="token operator">|</span>---------<span class="token operator">|</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> example.com <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token number">8080</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> /api/v1 <span class="token operator">|</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 支持 ascii box column csv html insert json line list markdown qbox quote table tabs tcl 类型，省略展示</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="支持-sql"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#支持-sql"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>支持 sql</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-sql"><code class="language-sql code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 常用 sql</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 创建表</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">create</span> <span class="token keyword">table</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>id <span class="token keyword">integer</span> <span class="token keyword">primary</span> <span class="token keyword">key</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name <span class="token keyword">text</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 删除表</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">drop</span> <span class="token keyword">table</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 重命名表</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">alter</span> <span class="token keyword">table</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">rename</span> <span class="token keyword">to</span> user_new<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 插入</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 单条</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">insert</span> <span class="token keyword">into</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">values</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'test'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 多条</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">insert</span> <span class="token keyword">into</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">values</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'test1'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'test2'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 查询</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 去重查询</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token keyword">distinct</span> name <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 统计</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token function">count</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>id<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- limit</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">limit</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 条件查询</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">where</span> id <span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 模糊查询</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">where</span> name <span class="token operator">like</span> <span class="token string">'%test%'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- group by</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">count</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>id<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">group</span> <span class="token keyword">by</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 排序</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">order</span> <span class="token keyword">by</span> id <span class="token keyword">desc</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 聚合函数</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token function">max</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>id<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 更新</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">update</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">set</span> name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'test3'</span> <span class="token keyword">where</span> id<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 删除</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">delete</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">where</span> id<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="事务支持"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#事务支持"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>事务支持</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<p><strong>事务</strong>具有原子性(Atomicity)、一致性(Consistency)、隔离性(Isolation)、持久性(Durability)四个标准属性，缩写为 ACID。</p>
<pre class="language-sql"><code class="language-sql code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 开始事务</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">begin</span> <span class="token keyword">transaction</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 操作</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">update</span> <span class="token keyword">user</span> <span class="token keyword">set</span> name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'test4'</span> <span class="token keyword">where</span> id<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 回滚</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">rollback</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">-- 提交</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token keyword">commit</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="命令行"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#命令行"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>命令行</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<p><code>.help</code></p>
<table><thead><tr><th align="left">命令</th><th align="left">描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">.backup ?DB? FILE</td><td align="left">备份 DB 数据库（默认是 "main"）到 FILE 文件。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.bail ON|OFF</td><td align="left">发生错误后停止。默认为 OFF。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.databases</td><td align="left">列出数据库的名称及其所依附的文件。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.dump ?TABLE?</td><td align="left">以 SQL 文本格式转储数据库。如果指定了 TABLE 表，则只转储匹配 LIKE 模式的 TABLE 表。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.echo ON|OFF</td><td align="left">开启或关闭 echo 命令。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.exit</td><td align="left">退出 SQLite 提示符。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.explain ON|OFF</td><td align="left">开启或关闭适合于 EXPLAIN 的输出模式。如果没有带参数，则为 EXPLAIN on，即开启 EXPLAIN。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.header(s) ON|OFF</td><td align="left">开启或关闭头部显示。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.help</td><td align="left">显示消息。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.import FILE TABLE</td><td align="left">导入来自 FILE 文件的数据到 TABLE 表中。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.indices ?TABLE?</td><td align="left">显示所有索引的名称。如果指定了 TABLE 表，则只显示匹配 LIKE 模式的 TABLE 表的索引。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.load FILE ?ENTRY?</td><td align="left">加载一个扩展库。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.log FILE|off</td><td align="left">开启或关闭日志。FILE 文件可以是 stderr（标准错误）/stdout（标准输出）。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.nullvalue STRING</td><td align="left">在 NULL 值的地方输出 STRING 字符串。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.output FILENAME</td><td align="left">发送输出到 FILENAME 文件。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.output stdout</td><td align="left">发送输出到屏幕。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.print STRING...</td><td align="left">逐字地输出 STRING 字符串。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.prompt MAIN CONTINUE</td><td align="left">替换标准提示符。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.quit</td><td align="left">退出 SQLite 提示符。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.read FILENAME</td><td align="left">执行 FILENAME 文件中的 SQL。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.schema ?TABLE?</td><td align="left">显示 CREATE 语句。如果指定了 TABLE 表，则只显示匹配 LIKE 模式的 TABLE 表。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.separator STRING</td><td align="left">改变输出模式和 .import 所使用的分隔符。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.show</td><td align="left">显示各种设置的当前值。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.stats ON|OFF</td><td align="left">开启或关闭统计。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.tables ?PATTERN?</td><td align="left">列出匹配 LIKE 模式的表的名称。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.timeout MS</td><td align="left">尝试打开锁定的表 MS 毫秒。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.width NUM</td><td align="left">NUM 为 "column" 模式设置列宽度。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.timer ON|OFF</td><td align="left">开启或关闭 CPU 定时器。</td></tr><tr><td align="left">.mode MODE</td><td align="left">设置输出模式，MODE 可以是下列之一:csv 逗号分隔的值 <br>column 左对齐的列 <br>html HTML 的 &#x3C;table> 代码 <br>insert TABLE 表的 SQL 插入（insert）语句 <br>line 每行一个值 <br>list 由 .separator 字符串分隔的值 <br>tabs 由 Tab 分隔的值 <br> tcl TCL 列表元素<br></td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="参考资料"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#参考资料"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>参考资料</h2><div class="wrap-body">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite">百科</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sqlite.org/">SQLite</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.runoob.com/sqlite/sqlite-tutorial.html">菜鸟教程</a></li>
</ul>
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